Mullah Mohsen Fayz Kashani is one of the famous people of Kashan in the eleventh century duringthe Safavid era. Fayz Kashani's life coincided with the institutionalization of the Shiite religion in Iran, and he has tried to spread Shiite teachings. He has written many valuable books in the field of Quran, Hadith, Fiq (Jurisprudence), philosophy, moral, and Ethics. Fayz Kashani has been influenced by philosophical and mystical views as well as the scripturalism of his masters. Fayz has also deployed the common traditions of Kashan and succeeded in combining these views significantly in his works. According to fayz, reason, revelation, and mysticism are compatible, and there are various kinds of philosophical and mystical teachings in the hadiths of Shiite Imams. This research through the following the works of Fayz has come to this conclusion that fayz has chosen the hermeneutic approach for resolving the conflict between hadith and mysticism.

Literary criticism is the intelligent study and description of literary works. One who reviews a literary work is known as a critic or literary critic. A literary critic bases his work on a known procedure or alternatively presents his own classification in such a way to convince his potential audience or other critics.Comparison is one of the most common methods in literary criticism. It goes without saying that a comparison is only accepted when the two works under consideration have some common features. These features are of different types; however, in the realm of literary criticism, universe of work’s message and universe of literary form are among the most general classifications available for comparison.In this article, the poems of Kalim Kashani and Mohtasham Kashani are compared in terms of rhetorics. These two poets are contemporaries. In the process of comparison some points, which are considered as more general in their poems, were carefully selected and then examined closely.In the end, it is concluded that in presentation of literary ornaments, Kalim Kashani has been more successful than Mohtasham. In this connection, it is argued that Kalim Kashani's poems are more precise and artistic than those of his contemporary.

An essential feature in spatial arrangements of Persian plateau, the central courtyard is an integrated solution for both material and spiritual needs of its inhabitants. The arrangement is much influenced by its surrounding environment both in its formal composition (overall geometry versus the geometry of details), and construction methods (materials and technology). It thus exploits all potential advantages of the environment with the least possible intervention (deformation or pollution). Prudent treatment of natural elements (sun, wind, water, and soil) has created a pleasant comfortable microclimate in the harsh warm desert climate. The "Central Courtyard or the City-House" thus creates a shelter which harmonizes with the sun movement and demonstrates the nature in an intelligent abstract way which bestows it with an archetypal dimension. On the other hand, the progressive Sustainable Architecture approach which values design solutions in response to socioeconomic, cultural and environmental constraints, recommends techniques in line with the central courtyard arrangement in the plateau. Therefore the arrangement can be constituted as functional and thus learnt from in the present context.

Feyz Kashani was among the well-known personages in Isfahan school of thought, who has reconciled various tendencies. He was an Akhbari (i. e. traditionalist)2 jurist with gnostic thoughts and philosophical method. Feyzs perception of politics, as a thinker contemporary to philosophical renaissance of the Isfahan school, was under the influence of his tendencies and noetic, 3 philosophical and gnostic system. He considers the universe as the place for manifestation of divine knowledge, and the man as a theosophist being who covers the path towards knowing God. This wayfaring towards God is some kind of politics as well because the goal of politics and religion is the mans felicity. This article aims at exploring the political thought of one of the most important intellectual figures of Isfahan school, and using the method of analysis of noetic system, we are seeking to investigate types of politics in Feyz Kashanis view with an emphasis on two treatises entitled Â, ʾ, î, na Shâ, hî,and Rafʿ,al-Fitna. The main question of this article is as follows: What is the relationship between the gnostic-noetic system and Feyz Kashanis attitude towards politics, and what has been the effect of this attitude on his typology of politics? The results we obtained from this study show that Feyzs noetic system has a direct relation with his political attitude and, accordingly, he maintains that the true politics which is a type of politics of external state is dependent on the politics of the soul or the internal state, i. e. the human state. On the basis of the relationship between these two principles, Feyz Kashani offers a typology of politics in proportion to his noetic-gnostic system. He speaks of these two types and five types of politics and state in the practical level. Here, we explain them.

Habl al-Matin was an important newspaper, published in Calcutta (India) and distributed in India, as well as Iran, Egypt, China, Iraq, and Caucasus, under the supervision of Mu’ayyed al-Islam Kashani.It was a weekly paper published in several languages. Under Muhammad Ali Shah, there were some serious hindrances to the distribution of this newspaper in Iran. To cope with this problem, Mu’ayyed al-Islam, with the help of his brother, Seyyed Hassan Kashani, launched a new branch for it in Tehran. Its first issue was published in 15 Rabi al-Avval, 1325 AH.

Persian Poetry and Literature, especially Religious and Religious Literature in the Safavid Period, Were Welcomed by the Shiite Religion of the Safavid Kings. In terms of poetic style, although poets are in a state of decline due to their tendency to imitate, some poets have created new themes in poetry that are unique in their kind. This article has been done analytically with the aim of examining literary images with religious elements in the Safavid era by looking at Poetry of Mohtasham Kashani. The results show that the religious elements prevalent in this period, especially in the poem, include Qur'anic expressions, names of religious and religious personalities and divine prophets, religious vocabulary and idioms in Islamic and religious orders, miracles of divine prophets, prophetic traditions, holy places Heaven, hell and so on. In the meantime, the poetry of Mohtasham Kashani in the field of religion and religion has benefited much more from other poets.

Feyz Kashani (died in 1680) was a philosopher and a poet whose poetry, although not literally considerable, holds a very important role in terms of understanding the nature of Persian mystical sonnet. The study of his sonnets shows that Feyz has benefited the form of sonnets to express prayers, eulogies, and religious advices and sometimes social criticism. The mystical manifestation of his poetry, especially influenced by Ibn Arabi's mysticism, is recognizable in many of his sonnets. In this paper, briefly in the epistemological discussion, an overview has been conducted on the ways of acquiring knowledge and the necessity of inner-self polishing to gain wisdom from the point of Feyz's view. Then, in the ontology section, some of his poems that contain themes such as: the relation between God and universe, the manifestation of unity in plurality, passing the plurality to get unity, the manifestation of the unseen world in intuition, the sacred and holy grace, the mercy and inherent poverty of creatures, the relation between the component and the whole, man as the manifestation of comprehensive name, recreation of samples and mortality of unfair have been analyzed. Fayz's view is influenced by transcendental wisdom; because the mystical and intuitive knowledge are of its epistemic resources. Some of Feyz's sonnets have been selected and examined, in present study, to show how his mystical thoughts are converted into a literary style of expression. The results show that the ideas expressed in these poems have gotten poetic aspect through the order of words, secondary implications, associations and imagination.

Baba Afzal is one of the great wise men, writer and poets in the second half of thirteenth century and the early fourteenth century. It was the time when in the one hand most of scientists were writing their articles in Arabic and on the other hand Persian Prose had been influenced by complication and complex style. In such time, Baba Afzal wrote almost all of his books in fluent Persian which they were not purified or Arabic and or superficial and complex so he gave a great service to Persian language by this measure.Plurality of Persian words, making aesthetic and fluent compositions, giving equivalences for scientific and philosophical terms, recursive and explanatory cases, short sentences, transfer of sentence minor parts, direct object, indirect object, adverb etc further after verb, less frequently used terms and forms, delusive words and application of words and compositions in meanings rather than today meanings are some of his language stylistic features, which have been reviewed by giving some examples in this article.

Concept creating is making or discovering the relationship or finding a new integration between a subject and an object which have no apparent relationship. Concept creating is more common in one of the Persian poetry styles called Indian style that Kalim Kashani, a famous poet of 11th century, is an adherent of this style, and his book (complete poetical works) containing 590 lyrics is one of the significant works of the era. One of the prominent characteristics of his lyrics is concept creating. Methods and tricks of concept creating include: equation style, exaggeration, wide simile and motifs, which have been used in perfection by Kalim. In order to examine the methods and tricks of concept creating, Kalim’s book has been studied and facts containing concepts have been extracted, evaluated and described in some sections of equation styles including: exaggeration, wide simile and motifs.  Examining concept creating in Kalim’s poems, it became clear that this poet has used equation style to create concept more than all the other methods by applying wide simile, motifs and exaggeration.